Codrus

Codrus (Greek: ) was the last of the semi-mythical Kings of Athens (r. ca 1089-1068 BC). He was an ancient exemplar of patriotism and self-sacrifice. He was succeeded by his son Medon, who ruled not as king but as the first Archon of Athens.

The earliest version of the story of Codrus comes from the 4th oration Against Leocrates by Lycurgus. During the time of the Dorian Invasion of Peloponnesus (c. 1068 BC), the Dorians under Aletes had consulted the Delphic Oracle, who prophesied that their invasion would succeed as long as the king was not harmed. The news of this prophecy, that only the death of an Athenian king would ensure the safety of Athens, quickly found its way to the ears of Codrus. In devotion to his people, Codrus disguised himself as a peasant and made it to the vicinity of the Dorian encampment across the river, where he provoked a group of Dorian soldiers. He was put to death in the quarrel, and the Dorians, realizing Codrus had been slain, decided to retreat in fear of their prophesied defeat.

In the aftermath of these events, no one thought himself worthy to succeed Codrus, the title of king was abolished, and that of archon substituted for it. The first such archon was Codrus' son, Medon.